The construction industry, currently, is encountered with several issues such as lack of proper supervision and generating and accumulating a lot of debris. Considering the building as a part of nature and an inanimate creature, it interacts with the natural ecosystem and contributes to the cycle of life. In this regard, building materials should be selected in coordination with the surrounding environment and impose the least negative impact on the natural environment. The current research has been done to apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach on residential buildings construction and assess the impacts of building material, solely and altogether, on the environment. For this purpose, IMPACT 2002+ method utilizing SimaPro software has been applied to evaluate the processes and materials used for construction of a five-floor concrete structure building in Tehran. The results indicate that among the construction materials, stone production with the single score of 64 and steel production with the single score of 27 have the highest environmental impacts. Besides, a LCA has been done for comparing environmental impacts of the steel structure buildings versus the concrete ones, resulting in an inferior level for steel buildings.

Cost studies are usually called for in the earliest design stages of a building approximately, when the architect is considering design alternatives. So an architects knowledge about the costs of design decisions is very important. In this paper fundamental factors which have influence on the constructional costs of residential building are introduced from the architectural point of view. At first some terms of building costs and the process of construction are described, then factors which affect building costs consist of: plan shape and size, stories number and height, different areas ratio, design of building elements, considering their influence on the structural and mechanical costs of building are introduced. Building shape design as a key decision in earliest stages has a significant influence on costs, so it is emphasized.

The construction industry is a major consumer of new materials. Given that material production for construction work accounts for a significant percentage of all energy consumed nationally in newly developing countries, it becomes vital that the construction industry strives to reduce waste at all stages of construction. However, the importance of these construction wastes in terms of types and sources have yet to be identified. Established systems to record quantitative data for the generation of construction waste have yet to be formally standardised and are still lacking across much of Europe and developing countries. Although categorisation of waste assists segregation of construction waste and increases the potential for reuse and recycling, little progress has been made in Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia. To address this need, this pilot study is carried out as the logical first step towards construction waste management in Sarawak by categorisation of construction waste at residential construction projects. Through this study, useful information concerning waste assessment data necessary to achieve a better understanding of construction waste is obtained. Case studies involving quantification and classification of construction waste for several on-going residential construction projects in Miri City, Sarawak, Malaysia are presented. A database of information concerning the quantification of local construction waste was developed, in addition to current construction waste management practices.

Phenomenological analysis of housing consumption pattern in luxury residential areas of Tehran In the residential sector of the construction industry Abstract In order to get to know the pattern of housing consumption, the exploratory research method was used. With the phenomenological study approach to achieve the goal The research was used. Sampling was done by the snowball method. In this research, consumers living for more than 6 months were interviewed. The collection of information reached saturation by conducting 3 interviews. The results showed that the consumption pattern of luxury housing from the perspective of the residents' consumers is more Out of 6 months, it includes 3 categories of satisfaction with the construction, ancillary services of the building and the characteristics of the area. Therefore, the findings indicate that the choice Luxury buildings in the statistical population are influenced by satisfaction with the construction, ancillary services of the building and the characteristics of the region. Keywords: consumption pattern, consumer, luxury house, 1st and 3rd district of Tehran 1. Introduction Investigating the behavior of consumers is one of the basic principles of marketing science. Knowing the consumption pattern and the factors affecting the choice or non-choice of the product. by customers or consumers, it is one of the basic methods for strategic planning of producers and economic enterprises. Acceptance of the product by the consumers, limited to the knowledge of the product, the level of quality, or the pricing area, or the after-sales service.

Purpose: The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.  Method: The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry. Findings: Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled. Conclusion: In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.

Numerous Iranian construction projects are left unfinished for various reasons, one of the most significant being incorrect cost estimation, particularly during the initial design phase. Cost prediction is among the most critical stages of civil project planning and a necessary objective for project managers, as deviation from initial estimates leads to numerous issues and legal disputes. Furthermore, controlling costs while maintaining the specified quality is the single most critical factor for continuing civil project activities, considering the heightening competition among contractors and diminishing profit margins. Thus, cost prediction is a crucial tool for controlling cost deviations for all project stakeholders, ranging from the owners to the contractors. This study aims to extract main criteria influencing cost prediction using the Delphi method, and predict construction cost using artificial neural network for residential building of Mashhad city based on 70 projects data. The findings indicate that the best model trained using neural networks has a correlation coefficient of 0.87, demonstrating the satisfactory performance of the model. Additionally, principal component analysis demonstrates that parameters such as usable area per floor, ground floor area, built-up area, the total number of units, concrete volume used in the building, construction duration, exterior wall area, and land area are first-ranked factors, while the number of floors above ground level, total floors from the foundation, and building height from the foundation are second-ranked factors. Sensitivity analysis based on obtained results revealed that exterior wall area and the number of above-ground level floors were the most significant factors in this paper. Using this method can provide employers and contractors of construction projects with a quick and appropriate estimation for the initial cost of constructing residential projects.

Buildings are one of the main pillars of economic and social development of countries that consume a large part of energy and natural resources. The purpose of writing this article is to calculate the energy consumption of a building in one year, determine the energy label and then optimize some of its features in order to reduce construction costs and reduce energy consumption of the operation phase. Is. The study area is common residential buildings in Tehran. The research method to achieve this goal is as follows: First, according to the licensing statistics of Tehran Municipality, a 5-storey southern building was selected on a land with an area of ​​320 square meters and an infrastructure of about 1100 square meters, which represents a large number of buildings in Tehran. Be. Then, by simulating the building considered in Builder Design software, the amount of gas consumption is 145.53 kWh per square meter, electricity consumption is 81.25 kWh per square meter and a total of 226.79 kWh per meter. The square was calculated per year. With this consumption, according to standard 14253, the building receives energy label C. Then, with the aim of reducing the cost of construction and energy consumption during operation, it was optimized with a genetic algorithm. Research variables, type of exterior wall (pottery or Leica), exterior (stone or brick), type of window glass (plain or low emission), type of gas between the layers of window glass (air or argon) and the ratio of the window to the south front surface (15 % -30% -45% -60%) were built. The results indicate that the best possible scenarios for the exterior facade, stone, low-emission double-glazed windows with argon gas, the outer wall of the pottery with a window-to-south front ratio of 22.5% or Leica, with a window ratio At the level of the southern front, it is 37.5%.

The construction industry, the leading cause of global greenhouse gas emissions, is responsible for at least 37 percent of global emissions. In Iran, greenhouse emissions in the construction sector between 1990 and 2020 have increased from 0.73 to 1.44 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per person per year. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the direct and indirect carbon footprints for one square meter of the residential building built-area. The system boundary is “gate to gate,” and its functional unit is “one square meter of the residential building built-area.” Data selection was carried out using the checklist and literature review methods. The carbon footprint assessment was conducted using the IPCC 2013 model and the ReCiPe method. Concrete is the most substantial contributor to carbon footprint among all building materials. The results show that the total, direct, and indirect carbon footprint for one square meter of the residential building built-area is 445, 436, and 9 kgCO2e/m2, respectively. The building’s “excavation, foundation, and framing” phase mainly contribute to the indirect carbon footprint among building construction phases. The carbon footprint for each square meter of the residential building construction is related to different factors, such as total building area, type of buildings, material transportation distance, and type of building materials used.